Random Biology Articles

Printing skin

Wed, 20 Feb 2008 00:00:00 -0600

The art of printing has come a long way since Johann Gutenberg invented the first movable type printing press. These days, printing processes have evolved to include screen-printing, flash printing, and laser printing. Paper has long since ceased to be the only printable material available. Printing can now be done on t-shirts, glass, buttons, computer mouse mats, mugs and key rings. And now scientists have come up with an innovative way to print skin.

Printing skin, as opposed to printing on skin, is achieved with the use of inkjet printers that are around ten years old. Instead of ink, they are adapted to shoot out proteins onto a specialised gel in place of paper. In this way, sheets of human skin as well as other types of tissue are created, to be used in skin grafts and hopefully one day replace organs.

The process is the brainchild of Thomas Boland, an assistant bioengineering professor at Clemens University, who is very optimistic about skin printing’s success and development. He believes that the technology will be available in only a few years time.

Methods for growing skin from healthy cells are already in use in many hospitals. This process is limited, however, as the skin can’t be manufactured to a depth essential for networks of blood vessels and pores. Inkjet printers are ideal for the creation of solid layer structures, as they can make several passes over the special gel and so generate skin structures of several layers. Older printers are used because the holes in their spray nozzles are larger than the ones in modern printers. Narrow holes could potentially damage the fragile skin cells.

Printed skin is of a higher quality than traditionally grown skin, as it’s more flexible and remains so after time. There is also a much smaller chance of printed skin being rejected by patients’ bodies. This makes it a safer process and more cost-effective than traditional skin grafts in the long run.

The potential of this method is enormous as it could conceivably be used for the creation of much bigger and thicker organs. This function would be invaluable for those people needing organ transplants, as it would dramatically reduce the waiting period and ease the demand for organ donors.

Patience is needed in the meantime, however, as the technology is still about ten years away from human trials. The wait for printed organs is even longer because scientists require specialised cells and optimal growing conditions for the survival of denser structures. To date, no experiments have been conducted on cultivating other cells. Creating viable printed skin is the primary focus of the research. So it will be sometime before we have the convenience of organs grown while we wait.

Recommended sites:

http://www.pcworld.com/article/id,118815-page,1/article.html

http://itotd.com/articles/430/printing-skin-tissue/

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Sandra wrote this article for the online marketers Circle Leaflet Printing colour brochure printing one of the leading printing companies in the UK

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Adult GED

Mon, 15 Dec 2008 09:43:36 -0600

Everyone’s situation is different. Maybe you quit high school because you felt like you were swamped with paperwork and got so far behind with credits. Maybe you had to work for your family or self to help support people and could not get your schoolwork completed. Maybe you were ready to get out into the world before graduating and thought getting a job would be the right thing to do.
If you quit online high school and now changed your mind and want to get your adult GED you can easily obtain it. Online learning makes earning your GED a piece of cake.
You can qualify to obtain your online GED programs if you are at least eighteen years of age or older. It is highly recommended that the student is eighteen or older to join our phenomenal program and work for his or her adult GED.
To get started, you fill out an application. Once the application is filled-out the next step is to take the online courses. The courses that are offered to you to receive your adult GED are math, science, social studies, English writing and English reading. After you complete and you pass the tests to these classes you will then be given an essay to write. The final essay is a minimum of two hundred and fifty words to write. Once the final essay is turned in to our program, you will have your grade sent to you within a short twenty four hours.
Receiving an online adult GED is made very simple. You will not have to drive to a high school or college to learn all of your classes. This will help you to save your limited time and hard earned money. You can choose to work at your place of employment while you earn your General Education Diploma. Your online adult GED courses are available to you at twenty four hours a day to study and complete. A high school or college classroom does not present this brilliant situation. If you have small children you will save a bundle by taking courses in your very own home as no babysitter fee is needed.
Someone will be available twenty four hours a day to answer your questions if you need help. A school classroom does not offer this significant benefit to you.
More job opportunities are available to you with your adult General Education Diploma. Plenty of companies and businesses do not offer people jobs without a GED which can be frustrating. Now is the time to change your life and obtain your online adult GED.

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The author runs an online nhigh school that offers adult GED programs and High School diploma at home . Take advantage of online ged programs and get your ged fast .Take Ged Test Online .

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The J.J. Pickle Research Campus in Austin

Wed, 15 Apr 2009 02:06:28 -0500

There is a large research facility in northwest Austin that is part of the University of Texas System called the J.J. Pickle Research Campus, and the site is nine miles north of the main U.T. campus just north of the Domain. This facility is on the cutting edge of new technology but not very well-known to most residents of Austin. The site of the PRC was originally a magnesium plant during World War II and was owned by the U.S. government until two U.T. professors sought to lease and eventually buy the site for the University. An agreement was reached in 1946 and research projects began at that time.

Later, in 1949, the University purchased the site with the help of then-Congressman Lyndon Johnson from the federal government and in 1953 it was named the Balcones Research Center, named for the Balcones
Escarpment which runs through northwest Austin. The original site was 402 acres and the western boundary was U.S. 183, with other borders being Burnet Road and Braker Lane to the east and north, respectively. The southern edge of the facility was bordered by the land that was later developed and named the Domain, and is now a huge shopping and entertainment complex.

The MoPac railroad tracks and Loop 1 run directly through the campus, and U.T. shuttle buses transport students and faculty to and from the center and the main campus, but for the most part, the center is not open to the public. In 1971, the University received full title to the facility and in 1974, expanded the site to its current size of 475 acres, after purchasing more land. The facility continued its research into the areas of defense, nuclear physics and space flight, all areas to which the facility has brought important contributions by its research and development.

In 1994, the center was renamed the J.J. Pickle Research Center after then Congressman J.J. "Jake" Pickle, who died in 2005, and the facility continued to flourish. The Campus has over 100 buildings today, but no dormitories and very few classrooms; it is primarily a closed research campus due to the sensitivity of some of the areas being researched.

In 2003, the U.T. System Board of Regents made an agreement with the Simon Property Group for around $130 million to lease unused portions of the campus for retail development, and construction on the Domain began at that time, and an Arbor Walk was begun in 2005, with retail stores opening in the fall of 2006. Much of the campus is still undeveloped, and the site is very scenic with its proliferation of wildflowers, especially bluebonnets, which dot the fields and meadows surrounding the facility.

The campus has also been utilized for industrial research, and Texas Nuclear, the Radian Corporation, and Tracor have all been instrumental in expanding the private sector's use of the campus in the areas of nuclear physics, chemistry, paleontology, zoology, botany, and atmospheric science, among other disciplines. The center has been home to over seventy different laboratories over the years, and encourages chemists, physicists, and engineers to conduct interdisciplinary research as well as having been a training site for these disciplines, among others.

In addition to the above mentioned facilities, the campus is home to the Commons Conference Center, which is a full service conference facility managed by the PRC. The Commons Cafe is the centerpiece, with gourmet meals prepared and served in dining rooms and private conference rooms, to the delight of visiting academics and faculty members alike. Many governmental agencies use the facilities along with educational
agencies and conferences, with first rate facilities and technology in very discreet and private, yet elegant, surroundings.

The Pickle Research Campus is just one more outstanding facility in Austin's educational and business environment, so if you ever have the opportunity to visit the campus or the Commons Center, it is definitely worth your time, and you just might enjoy fine cuisine while appreciating all that the campus has to offer!

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Ki developed a clearinghouse website of Austin Texas real estate. On the site, buyers can search Austin MLS listings. His site also has a blog that covers news and updates in the Austin real estate market.

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Future Growth Projection for Human Embryonic Stem Cells (hESCs) market

Mon, 02 Mar 2009 00:28:19 -0600

Opportunities in Human Embryonic Stem Cells hESCs Report ( http://www.bharatbook.com/Market-Research-Reports/Opportunities-in-Human-Embryonic-Stem-Cells-hESCs.html ) gives the information about types of stem cell.

Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are stem cells derived from the inner cell mass of a blastocyst, which is a stage reach 4-5 days post fertilization. hESCs are the most pluripotent of all stem cell types and can develop into over 200 different cell types of the human body.

hESCs were first derived from mouse embryos in 1981 by Martin Evans and Matthew Kaufman, and independently by Gail R. Martin. In 1995, the first successful culturing of embryonic stem cells from non-human primates occurred at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. Another breakthrough followed at the University of Wisconsin-Madison in November 1998 when a group led by Dr. James Thomson developed a technique to isolate and grow hESCs derived from human blastocysts. Federal funds to support hESC research became available on August 9, 2001, when President Bush announced his decision regarding federal funding for hESC research.

Because of their plasticity and unlimited capacity for self-renewal, hESCs have been proposed for use in wide range of applications, including toxicology testing, tissue engineering, cellular therapies, and basic stem cell biology research. Of particular interest to the medical community is the potential for use of hESCs to heal tissues with naturally limited capacity for renewal, such as the human heart, liver and brain.

This market report recognizes that a wide range of products and services are needed to support this active and well-funded research community. Thus, this report provides:

* Discussion of key advances in hESC research
* A breakdown of hESC research applications, including shared priorities and priorities by segment
* hESC patent analysis
* Historical and future growth projections for the hESC market
* Competitive analysis of providers of hESC research tools
* Overview of specialty pharma companies developing hESC therapies
* Overview of toxicology testing legislation impacting use of hESC in toxicology applications
* A breakdown of hESC research product categories
* Suggestions for novel NSC research products, including cells, kits, assays, media and reagents
* Guidance for companies that wish to offer hESCs products
* And more…

For vast range of market reports please visit: http://www.bharatbook.com/Market-Research/Stem-Cells.html

Or

Contact us at:

Bharat Book Bureau
Tel: 91 22 27578668
Fax: 91 22 27579131
Email: info@bharatbook.com
Website: www.bharatbook.com

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Bharat Book Bureau facilitates companies to take the lead of their industry with best practice business strategies and intelligence, through a unique combination of published reports, databases, country reports, company profiles and customized research services. Bharat Book Bureau provides strategic information tools to the executives, business analysts, and knowledge managers that will help them to probe into and support critical, timely business decisions and strategies.

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DNA Replication And Cell Division

Sun, 23 Oct 2005 00:00:00 -0500

DNA replication basically means creating two entire DNA strands for each daughter cell in place of the single parent cell. Prior to the cell division, its DNA within the nucleus is released by an enzyme to break the hydrogen bonds between the bases, resulting in two halves of the DNA. The uninhibited nucleotides within the nucleus bonds with the bases of both strands. Bonds with T alone while C with G, leading to exact matches for both strands.

There are four phases in cell division, or mitosis (normal cell division, meiosis forms sex cells).

Prophase: Pairing of chromosomes occurs and following replication, the parent cell has two complete sets. Two poles are formed as the nucleus disappears.

Metaphase: Alignment of the chromosomes is at the equator between the two poles.

Anaphase: The chromosomes split up towards each pole. Cell membrane division begins.

Telophase: Appearance of nuclei is at each pole and membrane divides. Two cells possess identical chromosomes.

DNA Replication

The DNA composition where two separate strands store all genetic information, replicate easily. A DNA molecule has a polymer opposite of the other, like a photonegative. One side enables the other to be recreated. This duality simplifies copying a DNA molecule remarkably.

Replication causes synthesization of DNA molecules. First a helicase enzyme unwinds the double helix, at any point on the strand, progressing to two replication forks by enzymes extending the helix release in both directions. With unwinding and straightening out of the DNA, DNA polymerase, another enzyme functions. It matches the exposed nitrogenous bases with new nucleotides from the surrounding nuclear fluid. The nucleotides and separated polymers fuse as per the regular Watson-Crick pairing rules. The completion of the separation and re-matching of the DNA molecule makes two perfect copies.

DNA replication remains partially unknown. Signals that start the process, the reason some cells don’t replicate and the cause of uncontrollable replication of cancerous cells remain unexplained.

Replication in Prokaryotes

Prokaryotes or bacteria store almost the entire genetic information of an organism in a single large circular DNA ring and not in multiple chromosomes of DNA strings with unconnected ends. This replication is almost identical to eukaryotic DNA except in the use of only two replication forks. Eukaryotes and prokaryotes differ, with multiple replication sites active simultaneously in the former and the speed of the latter requiring only two, one for each direction The rate of replicating bacterial DNA is almost one million base pairs per minute whereas the average is 500 to 5000 pairs for other organisms.

DNA Replication is Semi-Conservative

On completion of the replication process, two DNA molecules result, which are identical both to each other as well as to the original. There is not the slightest alteration in each strand of the original molecule due to its role as the template for the synthesis of a complementary strand. This replication method has been termed semi-conservative; as one half of each new DNA molecule is old while the other half is new.

Finally…

The need for DNA replication or cell genome duplication is created by each cell division. As with all cellular activities, specialized proteins are needed for the purpose of replication. DNA replication is surprising as a process in all organisms except in the case of humans where comprehension can prove very complex.

Learn more about

Cell Biology and DNA replecation , visit http://www.biology-online.org

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Dr.Richard Waller has been helping thousands of infetile couples and gave hope to childless women since 1999 through the process of in-vitro fertilization. He is based in England. http://www.biology-online.org

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The Tissue Culture Microscopes

Sat, 12 Jul 2008 00:00:00 -0500

Tissue Culture Microscopes .com is a business catering to the needs of microbiologists and cellular biologists. They provide a great selection of inverted tissue culture microscopes for viewing tissue culture specimens. The tissue culture is grown in a petri dish or flask and adheres to the inside bottom of the glassware. The tissue culture microscope is always inverted, meaning its microscope objectives are facing upward. This is because the proper way to view the tissue culture specimen is from the bottom of the petri dish. All the objectives are made as long working distance objectives to allow for the light to pass through the bottom of the glassware holding the tissue culture specimen.

Living tissue cultures often appear translucent to the normal brightfield microscope. They carry some models that have the phase contrast microscopy built in for added viewing contrast. They also carry one inverted tissue culture microscope model with fluorescence microscopy capability. Their microscopes give good viewing imaging and are suitable for research in university microbiology labs, health clinics, and general biological use. We encourage you to call Tissue Culture Microscopes when you are considering the purchase of this type of microscopy equipment. Their trained staff includes biologists who know how to assist their customers. Their website, www.tissueculturemicroscopes.com is a great site for learning about these fine optical instruments.

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Winona Ave. Saint Louis Mo 63109 Phone:314-353-2758 Website: http://www.tissueculturemicroscopes.com

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Are we "Livin" or just "Survivin"?

Mon, 10 Sep 2007 00:00:00 -0500

Apoptosis is regulated by death domain (DD) and/or caspase recruitment domain (CARD) containing molecules and a caspase family of proteases. A novel CARD domain containing protein was recently identified and designated ARC for apoptosis repressor with CARD (1). For more details read out the article:

The inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) family protects cells from self-execution by blocking the relentless caspase death cascade. IAPs bind to and inhibit activated caspases through their BIR domains. Some IAPs such as Livin also contain a RING domain that has E3 ubiquitin ligase activity and promotes the degradation of Smac/DIABLO through ubiquitination. Since Smac/DIABLO promotes apoptosis by inhibiting IAP-caspase interactions, degradation of Smac/DIABLO allows IAPs to more effectively block caspase activity thereby promoting cell survival.

In general, members of the IAP family are highly expressed in several types of cancer. However, Survivin, an IAP that lacks a RING domain, definitely stands out among the family for its clear association with cancer. Abundantly expressed during development but scarce in normal adult tissues, Survivin is upregulated during tumorigenesis and associated with chemotherapy resistance and poor patient survival.

IAPs are fast emerging as targets for potential diagnostics and therapeutics. For example, patients suffering from diverse cancers develop antibodies against Livin suggesting that Livin may be a novel diagnostic or prognostic tumor marker. Additionally, preclinical studies indicate that down-regulation of Survivin can sensitize tumor cells to chemotherapy, thereby increasing apoptosis and overall treatment response

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IMGENEX India Pvt Ltd. the only biotech company in Orissa and one of its kinds in Eastern India. IMGENEX India started in Oct as an outsourcing branch of IMGENEX Corporation, San Diego, USA. Find out more information about Apoptosis.

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3 Best Advanced Certificate Programs for Management Sector

Thu, 08 Jan 2009 09:07:52 -0600

With the financial crisis pronounced everywhere, the need of management professionals in every sector has greatly increased. Though there has always been a need for management professionals, the demand has now sky-rocketed and reached its peak. Hence right now is the time to enter a career in the management field for the greatest income potential. It is a well known fact that candidates with a valid certification from a renowned college are given preference when seeking a management career at a firm. There are several advanced certificate programs that will prepare you to meet any challenge to come within the management sector. Here in this article we will examine three of the best advanced certificate programs currently available for management.

Certificate Programs For Cyber Security Management
Cyber Security is THE major concern of most information technology firms out there. The demand for efficient cyber security management professionals is huge today. Anyone considering a cyber security management career must recognize that the utmost knowledge and technical skills are required to survive and prosper in the industry. Cyber Security Management degree programs are available everywhere today to meet the demand of huge corporations currently looking for certified cyber security management professionals. A certification must be obtained from a recognized college that is accredited by the Middle States Commission on Higher Education.

Certificate Programs For Information Systems Management
When it comes to Information Systems Management, there are many things to learn before stepping into this field as a career. Some people may be able to build themselves a successful career in Information Systems Management on experience alone but most major corporations today are looking for educated and certified management professionals only. These firms consider a candidate’s certifications far more valuable than experience. So signing up for a certificate program for Information Systems Management is instrumental for anyone that desires a successful career in this particular field.

Certificate Programs For Government Contract Management
Government Contract Management has gained huge popularity in recent years. Government Contract Management falls under the category of sales and is all about organizing contracts for Government issued work. Something that won’t be all that difficult with the proper training that comes with advanced certificate programs for Government Contract Management.

Bottom Line:
These general management training programs are perfect for anyone just entering the job market or considering a career change. A certification in general management will enable candidates to enter the management sector at practically any firm, regardless of its category. These general management programs are tailor made for someone that wants a management career but isn’t looking to work in one particular field.

Potomac Collage, convenient to anyone in the Washington D.C. and Northern Virginia areas, provides some of the best general management training programs in the country. If you’re interested in some of the best advanced certificate programs available, look no further than Potomac College, perfect for students from both the Washington D.C. and Northern Virginia areas.

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Potomac College offers a Bachelor’s Degree in General Management. By studying at Potomac, you have the opportunity to learn the foundational principles of managing government contracts in the best location for programs related to the government, Washington D.C and Virginia. You can finish your program of studies quickly and receive the career training you need to join the field. Apply now!

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High Tech meets High-end Cuisine

Thu, 20 Nov 2008 00:00:00 -0600

There’s a new movement heating up the culinary scene: high tech cooking, also called molecular gastronomy. For many decades California Cuisine has thrived, with its focus on fresh, local, organic ingredients. Now chefs are focusing on a need for attention to preparation as well, and they are using scientific techniques, tools and exactitude. High-tech is now enabling greater results in high-end cooking.

High-tech chefs use equipment typically found in labs, such as thermal immersion circulators, rotary evaporators, dehydrators and vacuum sealers.

A rotary evaporator, also known as a “rotavap,” is an apparatus used in chemical laboratories for the efficient and gentle removal of solvents from samples by evaporation. One of the more popular brands of rotary evaporators is Buchi, and a peek behind the doors of a growing number of high-end kitchens will reveal a Buchi rotary evaporator. Chefs are using them to preserve flavors in liquids that would usually boil off in the cooking process.

As the focus of high-end cooking moves to sophisticated preparation techniques, chefs are turning to technology to control temperature as well. Equipment used by lab scientists to keep temperatures at a constant state, such as thermal immersion circulators manufactured by Buchi, are now found in more and more high-end commercial kitchens.

A thermal immersion circulator is a device that circulates warm fluid, and keeps the temperature of the fluid constant as opposed to heating the liquid quickly. The thermal immersion circulator is being used more and more by chefs hoping to create a more precise preparation of main courses such as chicken and fish. Chefs package food in a water-tight bag and immerse it in liquid. This process is completed at a lower temperature than cooking the product in an oven or on a stove top. The result is a tender, flavorful main course.

One leader in the field of molecular gastronomy is Dave Arnold, the French Culinary Institute’s director of culinary technology. Regarding the use of thermal immersion circulators, Arnold has said, “"For chefs, especially with fish, a matter of one or two degrees can have a huge effect.”

In the same interview, Arnold continued, “There are many food technologists and food scientists who have had technologies, ideas, procedures and ingredients under their belt for many years, but there has not been a pipeline between them and chefs. What we can do is parse out for chefs what will be good for them, go and find it in the industrial world, and help them apply it. If we can find some new gum or gel that will produce a particular effect in a sauce we'll do it. Anything that controls temperature or humidity or slices, chops, blends or pulps in a new and different way is interesting to us. There are some people who like to say that they don't want technology in the kitchen, that it takes away from the romantic notion of a chef tasting sauces and making adjustments here and there, that they're less in touch with the food, but frankly I don't think that's the case. A great chef can cook an amazing meal with a stick and a fire, all these pieces of technology are just another tool in their toolkit."

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Capitol Scientific has been a leading distributor of reagent chemicals, electronic chemicals and lab equipment for over 45 years. Capitol Scientific continues to have broad national recognition as a respected and comprehensive laboratory supplier. Capitol Scientific is Buchi's fastest growing independent dealer. They focus on Rotary Evaporatorss and vacuum controller pumps.

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Purported Swiss Research Upsets AIDS Prevention Groups

Tue, 22 Apr 2008 00:00:00 -0500

A group of Swiss researchers may be sending some pretty mixed messages when it comes to AIDS prevention. It seems that this group of researchers has concluded that patients that are using retroviral drugs do not need to worry about using a condom because they cannot pass on the AIDS virus to their partners.

As you may imagine, this has many AIDS prevention groups quite upset. Therefore, in response to this new research, the World Health Organization an UNAIDS have both come out to speak against the research, stating that they “strongly recommend a comprehensive package of HIV prevention approaches, including correct and consistent use of condoms.”

We are definitely on board with UNAIDS and the World Health Organization. When it comes to AIDS prevention, you certainly don’t want to take unnecessary risks. Nonetheless, we feel it is equally important to educate our readers about the latest research.

According to the report, which was published by Switzerland’s Federal AIDS Commission, couples do not need to worry about wearing condoms if just one partner is HIV positive and is utilizing retroviral therapy. In order to be considered safe, the affected partner needs to be consistently following the therapy and must demonstrate that the virus has been successfully suppressed in the blood for a minimum of six months.

Aside from the fact that this research is a smack in the face against current AIDS prevention campaigns, there are also some flaws in the research. First of all, the research focused solely on heterosexual couples and did not consider forms of sex other than vaginal intercourse.

“The real thing missing is about anal sex and getting a new sexually transmitted infection,” says Roger Peabody from the Terrence Higgins Trust AIDS charity in London. “We don’t feel the scientific evidence is conclusive and there are some key issues that are not covered in this advice.”

Here at CondomMan, we are concerned about any AIDS prevention advice that contradicts the majority of the research. While it may turn out that it truly is safe for someone infected with HIV to have sex without protection, AIDS prevention is far too serious of a topic to be taken lightly. As such, any new advice should be thoroughly researched before it is published in a major journal or publication.

In addition to using condoms for AIDS prevention, there are other steps you can take in order to prevent becoming infected. First, remaining in a monogamous relationship can severely reduce your chances of getting infected. If this is not possible for you, try to keep your sexual partners to a minimum.

Another key to AIDS prevention is to get yourself tested on a regular basis. This is a particularly important part of AIDS prevention if you lead a very sexual life and engage in sexual activity with many different partners. After all, the primary method of AIDS prevention is to keep the disease from spreading. Of course, with the help of condoms, you will also severely reduce the risk of getting AIDS or passing it on to others.

For more information visit: Purported Swiss Research Upsets AIDS Prevention Groups

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CondomMan.com is a leading online retailer of condoms, selling name brand condoms like Kimono condoms, Durex, Lifestyles and Crown condoms for the best prices online. Buy the Best Condoms Online with Condom Man. Learn how to put on a condom, how to choose the right condom for you, and more.

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