http://www.articletrader.com/ Articles at ArticleTrader en-us http://www.articletrader.com/science/astronomy/book-review-the-uncertain-universe-the-quest-for-the-ultimate-limits-of-human-knowledge-by-bruce-kriger.html http://www.articletrader.com/science/astronomy/book-review-the-uncertain-universe-the-quest-for-the-ultimate-limits-of-human-knowledge-by-bruce-kriger.html Wed, 05 Mar 2008 00:00:00 -0600 The study of cosmology has changed from a speculative enterprise into a data-driven science that is part of a modern standard physical theory and supported by a wealth of observations. Nevertheless some theoretical proposals are being made for the very early stages of the universe that have no observational support; and sometimes it may be impossible to ever obtain such. Thus in some respects it remains a principle driven enterprise, with observation subordinate to theory. Which means that the foundations of this science are inherently confined to some degree of speculation.
In this book we are going to undertake a breathtaking journey into the very roots of the philosophy of cosmology in order to rigorously appraise this degree of possible speculation. This will allow us to make an attempt to define the ultimate limits of human knowledge in order to form a sober view of what, exactly, we can and cannot know


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www.krigerland.com

Source: http://www.articletrader.com ]]> http://www.articletrader.com/science/astronomy/giant-stars-the-biggest-things-in-the-known-universe.html http://www.articletrader.com/science/astronomy/giant-stars-the-biggest-things-in-the-known-universe.html Tue, 22 Apr 2008 00:00:00 -0500
The flash movie on Giant Stars website compares the size of our home planet to our closest star – the Sun, and places our tiny “red dwarf” among some of the biggest giant stars in the known universe.

So what is so special about this multimedia piece, we asked the authors, and why even bother creating something like this in the first place? Schwede and Petrovic admitted that the idea for the flash movie was not entirely original. In January 2006, they were forwarded with a set of images created by an unknown author. Although not very finely tuned, these images caused exactly the same jaw dropping effect with everyone who took time to look at them.

“Reactions are mostly mixed,” says Mr. Schwede and continues, “Some of them just stare at the screen feeling small and lonely, while others shout in excitement, glad that we are a part of something so big and exciting. It definitely puts things in their perspective.”

The website reported over a hundred visitors on the first day, but the next day the server nearly crashed under the load of traffic. Thousands of people were visiting the site from all parts of the world and it eventually became too much for our website to handle. The team had to pull the flash off the site and quickly optimize it for a lighter file size and quicker loading time.

“At first we didn't know where they are coming from,” said Mr. Petrovic, “Our first guess was search engines, or perhaps a large scientific portal, but after looking at our statistics more closely discovered that it was not from a single source. The traffic was pouring from everywhere, from cool websites to some pretty ordinary blog pages.”

FutureBlast team feels that the Internet has changed the way people think and interests they share. “It seems that general public is not so closed to science anymore. They think it is probably due to the fact that access to information is so much quicker these days so that even the time-poorest of us can afford to spend thirty seconds on something their friends find interesting.”

When asked if there are any future plans for the website the team replied that there were already a few contacts made by companies who wanted to capture this traffic to promote their products.

“We'll consider any good offer, but at this stage, we don't have any big plans. We're glad people enjoy it and share it with their friends.”, replied Mr. Petrovic.

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Giant Stars is a flash animation that compares Earth and our closest star, the Sun to some of the largest stars in the known universe.

Source: http://www.articletrader.com ]]> http://www.articletrader.com/science/astronomy/knowledge-of-astronomy-00-797.html http://www.articletrader.com/science/astronomy/knowledge-of-astronomy-00-797.html Mon, 20 Apr 2009 12:37:54 -0500
Astronomy Begins At Home

We don't have to go that far with astronomy, to be extremely fascinated. Our own pleasant solarise has some attractive interesting gear ready on. Did you know, that the solarise moves at an esteem of 12 miles per jiffy. That's 720 miles per summarize, or 43,200 miles per hour. Good abstract it's got a bounteous gas tank huh? And it's affecting towards the plan Hercules. Better got discover of the way Herc! Another interesting astronomy delicacy here. I bet you intellection the solarise was most the hottest abstract around. Well, not even close. The shell of the solarise is hot, most 10,000 degreesfarenheit . Nevertheless, there is something here on connector that is 3 epoch hotter. Care to guess? Some people have even been touched by it, and lived to tell the feature. Lightening is 30,000 degreesfarenheit . Cool huh? One more startling solarise statement. There are 92 innate principle on earth. You advert that periodic table of elements from high school science, those elements. Well, two thirds of those elements have been identified in the sun. Not constant who checkered, but they are there. And, scientists consortium that the other third are most likely in the solarise as well. Hard to judge our bag concern comprehensive of water could be so strictly linked to that bounteous provoked ball of gas. Astronomy spins a beautiful fascinating tale.

Future Worlds

Like those adventurers who came before us and were worn to venture afar their horizon. I think that star gazers of today module be our eminent boundary busters. It may have been a while since people have walked on the moon. Nevertheless it's just a distrust of time. Human spirit justdoesn't allocate us to land for what we have. We're always looking afar. And astronomy structure that map, and trying to support decipher down those boundaries of today. It's not exclusive fascinating to picture where we module go next, but essential to our survival. We expenses the funds of this connector at an alarming velocity, and earlier before later stuff module run out. The planet module outlast of course, but we may not. It instance to venture out, and find another planet like earth. Not just for the sake of discovery, but because we ought to. Soon. Hopefully, we module succeed there smarter, and a lowercase more careful. In the mean time, astronomy is pavement the channel for ours and upcoming generations to follow.

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Lancers International School is one of the well known school which is Part of International Schools India , Public Schools India and Secondary Schools India.
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Source: http://www.articletrader.com ]]> http://www.articletrader.com/science/astronomy/importance-of-elements-in-astrology.html http://www.articletrader.com/science/astronomy/importance-of-elements-in-astrology.html Sat, 25 Apr 2009 03:05:59 -0500
The Fire signs are Aries (March 21 to April 19), Leo (July 23 to August 22) and Sagittarius (November 22 – December 21). Fire people are leaders, dynamic. They light up everything around them. Because Fire needs Air to exist, Fire signs are most compatible with the Air signs. Water is anathema to Fire and a Water person could try to dampen the dynamism and enthusiasm that defines Fire.

The Air signs are Aquarius (January 20 to February 18), Gemini (May 21 to June 21) and Libra (September 23 – October 22). These are the idea signs, the air that breathes a spark into a flame. They can’t be tied down. They require freedom of movement and thought.

The water signs of Cancer (June 22 to July22), Scorpio (October 23 to November 21) and Pisces (February 19 to March 20) are characterized by the phrase still waters run deep. They’re emotional and sensitive, given to deep thoughts and conversations. Just as water can blur an image or hide secrets within its depths, so do Water signs have secretive emotions and abilities. The Water signs are most compatible with Earth signs.

The Earth signs are Taurus (April 20 – May 20), Virgo (August 23 to September 22) and Capricorn (December 22 to January 19). They are stable and consistent. While not as compassionate as the water signs, they are nonetheless nurturing. They can be rigid (stick in the mud) and easily stuck in routines. They are most compatible with Water signs, as Water is necessary for the Earth to properly nurture growing things. Earth helps Water contain itself, which is often necessary for survival on the planet.


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Ashok Arora providing Web Hosting Services , Astrologer in DelhiandAstrologer In NCR


Source: http://www.articletrader.com ]]> http://www.articletrader.com/science/astronomy/sub-divisions-of-astrology.html http://www.articletrader.com/science/astronomy/sub-divisions-of-astrology.html Sun, 08 Jun 2008 00:00:00 -0500
(1) Samhita : This deals with collectivity or multitudes. It encompasses such varied areas as weather forecasts, agricultural produce, natural disasters, floods, famines, wars, earthquakes, cyclones, market trends, changes in government, national and international events, and virtually anything that influences the masses. The annual world predictions which are generally based either on Hindu New Year commencing on the Chaitra Shukla Pratipada, or on the solar Ingress into Mesha, fall under the Samhita astrology.

(2) Siddhanta or Tantra or Ganita : This deals with the mathematical aspects of astrology. There are several treatises on Siddhanta Astrology but five among them are considered as particularly important.

a) Surya Siddhanta
b) Paulisha Siddhanta
c) Romaka Siddhanta
d) Vasishtha Siddhanta
e) Paitamaha Siddhanta


A proficiency in these is considered as a prerequisite for a good astrologer, according to the celebrated Varahmihira

3) Hora : It deals with :

a) Individual horoscopes, or Jataka, or natal charts of a person.

b) Muhurta or electional Astrology, which concerns itself with the election of favorable planetary dispositions to achieve specific accomplishments in day-to-day life.



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Ask Ganesha is the concept engrained by Mr. Abhishek Dhawan whose untiring effort to establish astrology as a stream of science has compelled the people around the globe to give a more refined thought on the subject.

Source: http://www.articletrader.com ]]> http://www.articletrader.com/science/astronomy/gravity-medium-found-but-will-anyone-take-notice.html http://www.articletrader.com/science/astronomy/gravity-medium-found-but-will-anyone-take-notice.html Sat, 24 Jan 2009 21:09:24 -0600
"The starting point from which this book originates is the following obvious and simple statement:

It is impossible to get "matter" from nothing.

Everyone should be able to agree on this. Even conventional laws of Conservation of Mass and Conservation of Energy state this. Therefore true matter cannot magically appear from the void to begin the universe.

Yet… we cannot deny we exist or perceive ourselves to exist. So, it logically follows that there must be a way that matter can "seem to be" without actually being there. In other words, our matter must actually be “virtual matter” not "true matter". True matter does not exist, cannot exist. So when we refer to matter or mass in this book, we refer to "virtual matter". When the Big Bang theory proposes true matter miraculously exploded out from a tiny point of pre-existing energy, this is simply not possible.

A proposal to the solution to this paradox will be presented here, and from this proposal other hypotheses will emerge concerning the nature of the atom, electromagnetic energy, motion, time and gravity.."

First stating the vitally important yet not-so-talked-about paradox of "getting something from nothing", Aaronow, a scientist, geographer and engineering designer, launches his book on a pithy jaunt into the heart of the atom to discover and declare something uncomfortable for most scientists. Aaronow believes only by facing this vital question can we begin to take the right path to finally understanding gravity, the atom and the universe.

As far as gravity, in short, Aaronow contends that it results from human perceived time trying to resolve one moment at a time from "All Time Data", each moment of a celestial body, for instance, is a "Dynamic Average Location" of all of its life locations, and that this naturally produces orbits.

Aaronow’s secular book is not esoteric, is easy to read, and is not scientifically offensive. Readers will enjoy and ponder the many new ideas in "ACONU" for a long time.

http://members.cox.net/jaaronow/ website

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http://members.cox.net/jaaronow/
Jon Aaronow has been employed professionally in Engineering and/or Geographic roles for over 20 years. He is a scientist, cartographer, engineering designer and author, and holds a Bachelors degree with Honors in Geography as well as additional independent work in biogeography. He also holds an Associates degree in Architectural Technology (Engineering Technology).

Source: http://www.articletrader.com ]]> http://www.articletrader.com/science/astronomy/young-galaxies-viewed-closer-to-creation.html http://www.articletrader.com/science/astronomy/young-galaxies-viewed-closer-to-creation.html Thu, 29 Nov 2007 00:00:00 -0600

When you are sealed God writes His Name upon you. When you bear God's Name you anticipate years of growth to become worthy of God and show His glory to the world.


Some of the glory of God is being shown to the world right now--glory that is from "out of this world." And yet the glory of the observable Heavens can tell us much about the grandeur of God and His creation.


An international bunch of astronomers finished a project they planned for years. They had the difficult task of securing the world's largest telescopes all night every night for almost 2 weeks.


And that is how long they looked at one small little section of night sky--92 hours in that one place. This had the effect of letting a photograph expose for quite a long time. They could see very faint objects from very far away.


These objects are thought to be "teenager" galaxies or "baby" galaxies. They are considered proto-galaxies, the beginning of galaxies which will mature into the adult galaxies we know of today.


Light seems to us to travel quickly. But it takes a long time to travel the vast distances of the known universe. The light caught in the eye of this study is reputedly 11 billion years old or more.


That is a long time. Longer than man can easily comprehend. But it is an indication of the promise of eternity. Forever is much longer than 11 billion years. Forever is infinite.


This light 11 billion years old is light from only 2 billion years after the supposed Big Bang, the theoretical even when the universe exploded into being. Light this old is from when galaxies were still forming.


This study is going to tell scientists a lot about how the universe formed. This is good knowledge to have since it will help us understand God's creation of the universe, and knowledge of God's creation can only help people.


And scientists consider this finding to be "unprecedented" in magnitude. Never before have astronomers been able to look back at the building blocks of galaxies, which requires considerable depth of observation.


The research is planned for publication in the March 2008 issue of the Astrophysical Journal, and will resolve some heated arguments scientists have had for 30 years about the origins of the universe.


But you know that the ultimate origin of everything is God. He created the universe and the little world we now call home. Looking far back in time is an awesome experience giving a sense of the scope of God's infinite nature.


And it is more than just an experience. The more we understand about how God created the universe, the more we can use that knowledge to benefit us in the present day. Science will solve a lot of problems.


Speaking of solutions, God wants you to solve a problem right now. The problem is that you have not always been close to Him, and this is the generation of the devil. But you can change all that today.


You can get closer to God today and experience some of the awe of His creation and His everlasting Presence. You can win the victory over the devil and get closer to God by receiving the Seal.




--
And now Jason would like to invite you to get your FREE report Are You Making These Mistakes as a Christian? and visit to learn about being sealed here
Jason Witt




Source: http://www.articletrader.com ]]> http://www.articletrader.com/science/astronomy/cosmic-rays-snd-the-cygnus-mystery.html http://www.articletrader.com/science/astronomy/cosmic-rays-snd-the-cygnus-mystery.html Fri, 08 Sep 2006 00:00:00 -0500
All this is about to change, as an examination of ice cores extracted from sites in Antarctica and Greenland provides new information on the level of cosmic rays reaching Earth in past ages.

When so-called ‘primary’ cosmic rays hit the upper atmosphere they generally break up to produce a plethora of ‘secondary’ particles that form isotopes, which fall to Earth and are preserved each year in layers of ice. One such isotope is beryllium 10, found within the ice cores, which provides clear evidence that on three occasions over the past 100,000 years – around 60,000 years ago, 40,000 years ago and 17,000 years ago - there have been extremely intense periods of cosmic ray activity lasting up to 2,000 years at a time.

Although the cyclic nature of these spikes of activity indicate a connection with long-term solar cycles, other factors might have been behind the sudden increase in cosmic rays during Palaeolithic times, when our earliest ancestors made huge jumps in evolution that led eventually to the rise of civilization. Catastrophists propose that a close supernova explosion might have sent a barrage of cosmic particles in our direction, dramatically increasing cloud formation, thus preventing the sun from penetrating through the atmosphere and leading quickly to an ice age and mass extinctions on the ground. It is possible, therefore, that close supernovae might account for the high levels of beryllium found in the ice cores.

An altogether different scenario is that the true source of cosmic rays affecting the evolution of life are black holes or neutron stars, a theory first proposed in 1973 by world-renowned astronomer Carl Sagan. In the 1980s particle physicists in Europe and the USA unexpectedly detected the presence deep underground of incoming cosmic rays that had penetrated the solid rock to great depths, suggesting that they had come from an extremely powerful cosmic ray accelerator somewhere in deep space.

These unique cosmic rays were found to have been produced by a binary star system containing either a black hole or neutron star in the northern constellation of Cygnus, the swan. Known as Cygnus X-3, this astronomical source was classified as recently as 2000 as the galaxy’s first ‘blazar’, meaning that it produces jets of stellar material, mostly ionized gas, that direct cosmic particles towards the Earth at close to the speed of light, something it has been doing for anything up to 700,000 years.

The recorded bursts of cosmic radiation from deep space on at least three occasions in human history could suggest that Cygnus X-3 is the key to solving the mystery of the cosmic rays. Had the Palaeolithic cave artists and shamans responsible for the cave art at Lascaux, and other similar caves across Western Europe, become aware of incoming cosmic rays, which are unique in being able to penetrate deep underground? Did these cygnets, as Cygnus X-3’s strange particles became known, cause gene mutations, leading eventually to the development of a complex mindset, including symbolic art and the first organised societies towards the end of the last Ice Age?

Cygnus is the oldest known constellation represented in art, appearing as a bird on a pole in the famous cave of Lascaux in southern France, c.17,000 years ago. What is more, all around the world there was once a great reverence of this constellation, known also as the Northern Cross. From the bird effigy mounds of North America to the Olmec centres of Mexico, the Incan sacred city of Cuzco, the Egyptian Pyramids of Giza, the Hindu temples of India and Avebury, the largest stone circle in Europe - all reflect an age-old interest in Cygnus, which features also in religious symbolism and beliefs, at the heart of Judaism, Christianity, Hinduism, Islam, as well as shamanic practices worldwide. All of this indicates that Cygnus X-3, as our galaxy’s sole blazar, is the best candidate by far for at least a percentage of the cosmic radiation that continues to reach Earth and may well have catalysed mutations leading in the past to sudden advances in human evolution. For more on THE CYGNUS MYSTERY by Andrew Collins visit www.andrewcollins.com.


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www.andrewcollins.com

Source: http://www.articletrader.com ]]> http://www.articletrader.com/science/astronomy/galactic-mystery-matter-on-the-dark-side.html http://www.articletrader.com/science/astronomy/galactic-mystery-matter-on-the-dark-side.html Tue, 14 Mar 2006 00:00:00 -0600
Heralding a new age in the cosmos, Norwegian Kristian Birkeland predicted that the universe likely consisted of an exotic component that would later be called dark matter. His comments about this subject matter appeared in a description of the Norwegian Aurora Polaris Expedition (1902-1903). Birkeland's ideas about the Expedition were published in the fateful year of 1913 which would see the rise of the socialist Federal Reserve System and the Income Tax in the United States of America, two key components of the communist manifesto. Evolutionary processes were in motion throughout all fields of endeavor. Economics, politics, science and the hearts and minds of men and women were in the balance whilst relativism not truth held sway over the modern imagination. Cosmology would suffer from the same 'evolutionary' mindset and Birkeland wrote as much:

"We have assumed that each stellar system in evolutions throws off electric corpuscles into space. It does not seem unreasonable therefore to think that the greater part of the material masses in the universe is found, not in the solar systems or nebulae, but in "empty" space."

In this fashion, Birkeland predicted that because of the 'evolutions' present within the cosmos most of the matter in the universe must be found in 'empty' space rather than that which is observable in stellar objects. It is currently believed that only four percent of the universe is of this ordinary visible stellar type. Further, about a quarter of the universe is made up of the ubiquitous dark matter with the rest of the cosmos being filled with the even more bizarre dark energy. It was Fritz Zwicky, a swiss astrophysicist working for Caltech, who would further the concept of dark matter through the aegis of the Virial Theorem.

This mathematical relation is a formula which bounds the energy of a set of particles. In another dark year in the steady evolution to slavery since 1933 saw the removal of gold from the accounts of american citizenry, Zwicky used the Virial Theorem in an attempt to ascertain the validity of the dark matter hypothesis. He focussed his attention on the Coma galactic cluster and his analysis provided prima facie confirmation for the existence of dark matter. By evaluating the amount of movement of those galaxies at the periphery of the cluster he was able to approximately surmise the aggregate of all the matter therein.

He was astonished to learn that this sum total of mass is different from a separately computed estimate. This other value was obtained by analyzing the sum total of galaxies and the brightness of the Coma cluster. Juxtaposing this value with the periphery computation he observed that there was a discrepancy of at a minimum four hundredfold. Since the galaxies were insufficiently massive to cause the computed orbital velocities there must be some other mechanism to explain this phenomena. This conundrum became in the scientific lexicon the missing mass problem. Zwicky had established the need for the existence of an invisible source of mass hitherto unknown which must provide the necessary gravitational effect for the cluster.

Thus, it is a fact of the current state of cosmology that the greatest set of evidence for dark matter comes from this galactic gravitational data. Scientists have even made galactic curves describing the rotational properties of stars versus the distance from the galactic center. When the gravitational data is plotted it can be shown that only a small portion of the observed speeds are explicable by classical computations. In other words, there is a scarcity of visible mass in the observed galaxies to attribute the sum total of gravitational effects to visibly observable stars planets and galaxies. Thus, the simplest way to explain this galactic mystery of insufficient mass is to hypothesize a non-detectable type of mass known as dark matter which can be the cause for the gravitational effects.

As more and more data is collected on these and other aspects of the universe, formulae and cosmological postulates are generated describing the results so obtained. Fulfilling the requirements of the aforementioned aspects leads some scientists to propose several different types of dark matter. The four main types of dark matter are called 1- baryonic dark matter; 2- warm dark matter; 3- cold dark matter and 4- hot dark matter. Dark matter ranges from the known to the predicted, from black holes to brown dwarfs to the massive compact halo objects (MACHOs), the neutrino, axions, WIMPS or weakly interacting massive particles and the esoteric neutralino. However, there is an alternative explanation for the gravitational effects which originally created the dark matter concept.

If an incomplete understanding of gravitation is factored into the picture, then it can be asserted that the dark matter interpretation is incorrect because some other cause is generating these phenomena. Several different contending theories have been developed to describe the observed galactic data. In particular, one of the main competing explanations is given by scalar tensor theories which try to combine the teachings of quantum mechanics with gravity. Amplifying these ideas leads to a variety of exotic ideas which challenge our most fundamental notions of physics and astronomy. Other concepts go even further and have been the subject of interest for astronomers like Dr. Riccardo Scarpa since these allow for a cosmology without the inclusion of the enigmatic dark matter.

Dr. Scarpa works at the European Southern Observatory in Santiago Chile using the Very Large Telescope Array at Paranal. With all of his experience in this field, it is interesting to note some of his most recent comments on the superfluous dark matter:

"Dark matter is the craziest idea we've ever had in astronomy. It can appear when you need it, it can do what you like, be distributed in any way you like. It is the fairy tale of astronomy."

In view of these comments one should ask if another scientific idea might be on the verge of collapsing. Indeed, astronomers are routinely using these other theoretical principles on a daily basis in infrared observatories around the world. Thus, it is very likely that we are simply wrong about all of this dark matter. It is within all probability that the only dark matter that we will ever find is that ignorant dark matter between our ears.

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Michael Strauss is an engineer and author of Requiem for Relativity the Collapse of Special Relativity, a serious critique on the fallacies of Special Relativity. To contact the author visit: www.relativitycollapse.net or www.relativitycollapse.com

Source: http://www.articletrader.com ]]> http://www.articletrader.com/science/astronomy/types-of-telescopes-what-are-the-advantages-of-each.html http://www.articletrader.com/science/astronomy/types-of-telescopes-what-are-the-advantages-of-each.html Sun, 23 Oct 2005 00:00:00 -0500 Refractors, Newtonian reflectors and Catadioptrics
are the three main types of telescopes. All these
different types have the same purpose, but each
telescope design does it differently. Collecting
light and bringing it to a point of focus so it can be
magnified and examined with an eyepiece is their
goal.

Of the different types of telescopes the refractor
is the telescope most people think of when they
think of astronomy. This type of astronomy telescope
is easy to use and reliable due to the simplicity
of design. It requires little or no maintenance. Its
great for looking at the different types of lunar,
planetary, and binary stars.

Newtonians are a type of telescope, which is also
known as catoptrics. This type is different from
the other telescopes because it has the lowest
per inch of aperture compared to refractors and
Catadioptrics, because lenses are more expensive
to produce than mirrors, especially in medium
to large apertures. Newtonians deliver very bright
images and are low in optical aberrations.

Catadoptric telescopes are the most popular type
of instrument, with the most modern design,
marketed throughout the world in 3 1/2 and larger
apertures. Its very good for looking at different
planetary, lunar, and binary stars. If you like to
take photos with your telescope this type of
instrument is excellent for deep sky observing
or astrophotography with fast films or CCD's.








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Jeremy Hier makes it easy and quick to decide which telescope is best for you by going to http://www.best-telescope-guide.com

Source: http://www.articletrader.com ]]>