Random Health Articles http://www.articletrader.com/ Articles at ArticleTrader en-us Detoxing Foot Pads http://www.articletrader.com/health/detoxing-foot-pads.html http://www.articletrader.com/health/detoxing-foot-pads.html Tue, 03 Jun 2008 00:00:00 -0500
Candida Detox And Sauna
Meditation and doing relaxation exercises are also excellent ways of restoring harmony to both body and soul. According to the book "Detox" by Sara Rose A toxin is anything that is irritating or has harmful effects in our bodies and can be anything from pesticides from fruits and veggies air pollutants refined sugar and salt alcohol and caffeine. Meat is often very tough for our system to deal with so giving yourself a break from consuming meat can be good for your health. Researchers have found that as the level of toxins in the body rises, more fat is manufactured to protect the body. Weight gain is a natural by-product of toxin buildup. Removing the toxins from the body allows the body to release the excess fat, resulting in a natural weight loss. To start with the body needs to have an internal environment that is not conducive to the survival of fungi and candida.The Master Cleanse is an example of this type of program. In addition to fasting a good detox program will stimulate the liver to eliminate common toxins from your body the way it should have been doing all along.

Detox Center In Cape Coral
Technology. We live in a grand time of technological development. Computers the Internet/ cell phones/ digital cameras and DVDs. But the human body has not 'kept up' with technology. One common detox diet is the combination of nothing but fruits and water for a given period. The promotion of chemicals being matabilized by our bodies can be helped with certain vitamins. Basically the aim of any detox program is not for the food or lack there of to do the work but to engineer an environment for the body to undertake its natural processes of healing. Why detox? The primary cause of disease is the accumulation of waste and toxins which are not eliminated from our body. Your Liver is Your Best Asset. Even if our bodies already have built-in detox systems we still need to detox once in a while.

Surgical Procedure For Colon Cleansing
Seek Help! You can start your detox program by searching for information on the Internet or by asking your doctor for advice. It can be a weeklong diet of liquids organic raw fruits and vegetables to cleanse the system. emotional. Rapid detoxification can make you feel quite sick and can happen if you jump too quickly into detox from a bad diet loaded with fat sugar and chemical colors and flavors. Try to eliminate the bad foods first and go onto a healthier diet before attempting detox. However if you get mild headaches or experience drowsiness, try to stick with it. It's a sign that you body is eliminating those toxins. Add in five tablets a day of American Health Papaya Enzymes to help disintegrate the remaining tar of fermented proteins built up in your intestines over the years. See detoxify of muscle The heat generated within the body causes the body to sweat intensely and in the process eliminating waste materials including harmful toxins. Toxins come in various forms and manners; the one unifying thing about them all is that they are dangerous to your health. The exhaust from your automobile is known to be rich in carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide and medical scientists have shown that as little as 0.5% of these chemicals in the blood holds dangerous implication for health. Hair analysis is perhaps the best method for analyzing the presence and amount of toxins in the body this is because the protein in the hair fiber tends to retain the composition of the body tissue for a longer period of time.

Detox Weight Loss Diet
The bloodstream is probably the most heavily-laden system in the body when it comes to toxins. The Liver is the organ responsible for neutralizing foreign substances breaking them down into inert products before dumping them into the intestine via the bile acid. Regardless of the actual advantage or disadvantage to following a low carbohydrate diet there are recommendations for maintaining good health while following such a diet. The first is to choose healthy fats over the unhealthy saturated fats when considering fat intake. You are mentally prepared to get through the healing. See more Home Detox For Alcoholics Highly restrictive detox diets such as Water fasting or the Master Cleanse are not the safest form of weight loss.

Detox Center Body Detoxification Vicodin Detox Quit Smoking
Coffee enema detoxification is a natural way of detoxifying the body and it is mostly regarded to be general in action that is it cleanses the body of all forms of toxins. I wondered when I would begin to feel good. reheat 1 to 2 cups of vegetable water left from steaming season it with a dash of salt and drink it. Be reminded though that you may experience excessive sweating, slight headaches, and skin rashes. These are signs that your body is releasing toxins and that they are temporary. Detoxifying is effective, safe, and inexpensive enough to be part of your weekly health and beauty routine. Just remember to avoid this during your period, pregnancy, and sickness. Lastly, talk to your doctor if you encounter any problem while detoxifying. Detox diets vary a huge amount in the different regimes they ask you to follow what to eat what not to eat and in some cases advising you to take various detoxifying agents. Learn more at http://www.dietdetox-mastercleanse.info But many toxins imitate nutritional minerals and hormones and get into the cell walls bones and ligaments. Physically we can clear out the closet and bookshelves or lose any excess weight.

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Doris is an expert in Detox Meth Home Remedy for over
10 years. Search Detox info at http://www.detox-dietsreviews.info

Source: http://www.articletrader.com ]]> Compensation - You Can Get it From Anything! http://www.articletrader.com/health/compensation-you-can-get-it-from-anything.html http://www.articletrader.com/health/compensation-you-can-get-it-from-anything.html Fri, 12 Sep 2008 00:00:00 -0500
Below are just a few things you can claim compensation from:

* ACCIDENTS AT WORK

* ROAD TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS

* MOTORCYCLE ACCIDENTS

* ACCIDENTS INVOLVING BRAIN OR SPINAL INJURY

* OCCUPATIONAL ILLNESS CLAIMS - Where injury is caused by stress occasioned at work, often resulting from pressure or volumes of work of an unreasonable amount, there can be a claim for compensation.

* OCCUPIERS LIABILITY - If you have been injured on someones property, for example a supermarket, then you may be able to claim compensation under the Occupiers Liability Act.

* PRODUCT LIABILITY - If you can show that the product itself is defective then you have a right to claim compensation.

* TRAVEL CLAIMS - Claims can involve defective hotel premises (often swimming pools), food poisoning and accidents occurring on transfer. A carrier (ie the airplane or travel company with whom you are flying) will normally be liable for any accidents which occur during air travel, including embarking and disembarking from an aircraft.

Even if your injury is as a result of an accident not listed here you can discuss your claim on a free, no obligation basis with more injury lawyers. I just believe their is too much now a days. E.g. Claiming compensation from stress at work, every gets stressed some time or another.

I believe that sometimes this is going to far because you get people trying to get compensation when their injury was caused by their fault. They see there is an opportunity to get hurt and claim compensation because of how many acts there are and a lot of people just do it.

http://getcompensation.co.uk/index.php

http://getcompensation.co.uk/claimexplained

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http://getcompensation.co.uk/index.php

http://getcompensation.co.uk/claimexplained

Source: http://www.articletrader.com ]]> Understanding Fats and carbohydrates and their role in a healthy diet http://www.articletrader.com/health/understanding-fats-and-carbohydrates-and-their-role-in-a-healthy-diet.html http://www.articletrader.com/health/understanding-fats-and-carbohydrates-and-their-role-in-a-healthy-diet.html Mon, 01 May 2006 00:00:00 -0500
Both fats and carbohydrates play an important role in nutrition, and both are vital to a healthy diet. It would be impossible and unwise to remove all fat from the diet, since fat is important for the production of energy, and for carrying valuable fat soluble vitamins like vitamin D, vitamin E and vitamin K, throughout the body. In addition, fat plays a very important role in regulating various bodily functions.

Even though some fat is essential to a healthy body, too much fat can be harmful. Excessive levels of dietary fats have been implicated in heart disease, stroke, high cholesterol levels and even some cancers. Most nutritionists suggest limiting daily fat intake to less than 20% of calories, although taking that level lower than 10% is not recommended.

The type and amount of fat in the diet makes all the difference. A diet high in saturated fats, trans fats and cholesterol has been associated with a variety of ills, including heart disease, stroke and other related diseases. In addition, many long-term chronic problems, such as obesity, are associated with high levels of dietary fats.

Food labels do make the complex process of choosing the right fats somewhat easier. For instance, trans fats will be listed on the ingredient list of foods that include them. In general, trans fats are found mainly in processed foods. When limiting your daily intake of fat and cholesterol, it is good to have an understanding of nutritional labels. This government mandated labels could be a huge help to those who take the time to read and be aware of them.

Carbohydrates are an important part of a healthy diet as well, and carbs are necessary for providing energy and many vital nutrients. Carbohydrates are found in fruits and vegetables, in grains and in milk and dairy products. It is important to choose carbohydrates carefully, however, since not all are equally healthy.

Keeping saturated fats and trans fats to a minimum is important to a healthy diet. Trans fats, which are solid at room temperature, are most often found in highly processed foods like cookies, cakes and other baked goods. In addition, trans fats are often found in fried foods and in salty snacks like potato chips. While these foods are fine in moderation, it is best to avoid large quantities of such snacks.

As with many products, less is often more when it comes to choosing foods rich in carbohydrates. For example, less refined whole grain bread is generally more nutritious than white bread, which has gone through a greater amount of refining. That is because the refining process tends to decrease nutrient content over time.

Of course, there are some elements in the diet that should be limited. Two of these elements are sugar and salt. Most Americans consume too much salt and sugar, and this has led to epidemics of obesity, diabetes, heart disease and other ills. Limiting sugar and salt, while choosing good fats and unrefined carbohydrates, is a great way to make the most of the nutritional value of the foods you eat.

There's a lot to understand about Fats and carbohydrates. We were able to provide you with some of the facts above, but there is still plenty more to write about in subsequent articles.

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Nishanth Reddy, is an author and publisher of many health related websites. For more information on how to choose healthy diet visit
Healthy Diet

Source: http://www.articletrader.com ]]> Arthritis Causes and Risks http://www.articletrader.com/health/arthritis-causes-and-risks.html http://www.articletrader.com/health/arthritis-causes-and-risks.html Tue, 25 Sep 2007 00:00:00 -0500 arthritis treatment.

People who are overweight may also be more susceptible to arthritis- as more pressure is being placed on the joints, which overtime can lead to arthritis. For this reason, arthritis in overweight persons is often located in the hip or knee regions, where the majority of the pressure is placed. Trauma to the joint can cause joint irregularities affecting the joint’s smooth surface, which can make bones grind against each other causing pain when moved. For instance, a fracture in the tibial plateau wherein the part of the bone enters a knee cartilage can result in arthritis.

Genetics is most certainly a risk factor involved, however it is difficult to determine how much it directly affects the condition. Doctor’s do know that there are some variations in genes which make the more susceptible to the arthritis condition. Age is obviously also another contributing factor- simply down to the fact that as people get older their bones become more brittle and stiff- and thus more likely to suffer from arthritis. The bones in older people also have difficulty healing and repairing them, making it easier for the arthritis condition to manifest.

It has also been proven that stress is a considerable contributing factor in the cause of arthritis. Stress disrupts the natural balance and harmony of the body. Cortisone deficiency induced by stress can weaken the body’s immune systems, thus resulting in the spread of harmful organisms such as bacteria throughout one’s body.

Certain jobs also place people in a higher risk category of arthritis. Usually, these are physically demanding jobs such as constructions workers and factory workers. There are also some sports that can contribute to the causes of arthritis, especially rough contact sports where athletes are always at a risk of getting an injury and, subsequent, arthritis. Illnesses or Infections can also be causes of arthritis. Specifically body builders or weight lifters are at considerable risk of arthritis in later life- due to the excessive pressure placed consistently upon their joints. Injuries can also be common causes for arthritis. The disease can develop in people who suffer from joint infections or multiple gout attacks, among other conditions.

There are many different forms and variations of the arthritis condition. For example, osteoarthritis is usually a result of old age or the normal wear and tear of joints, cartilages and bones. Osteoarthritis is very common in people over the age of fifty. Rheumatoid arthritis, on the other hand differs, as it has no specific cause or causes but some studies show that genetic makeup and immunological disorders can lead to the disease.

It is always advised to visit your doctor or recommended physician if symptoms of your arthritis persist. The most important thing one can do is to receive an early diagnosis with arthritis. The arthritis treatment will be more effective, if your doctor can prescribe a treatment in the early stages of the arthritis condition.



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Want further information on arthritis treatment and pain relief? Please visit:

http://www.arthritis-treatment-advice.com

Looking for a cure for your arthritis? Please visit:

http://www.arthritis-treatment-advice.com/Products.html
(Visitors receive FREE ‘Living With Arthritis’ Ebook)


Source: http://www.articletrader.com ]]> Ringworm Explained - Causes And Ringworm Treatment http://www.articletrader.com/health/ringworm-explained-causes-and-ringworm-treatment.html http://www.articletrader.com/health/ringworm-explained-causes-and-ringworm-treatment.html Mon, 29 Oct 2007 00:00:00 -0500
What causes ringworm?

Although the world is full of yeasts, molds, and fungi, only a few cause skin problems. These agents are called the dermatophytes, which means "skin fungi." Skin fungi can only live on the dead layer of keratin protein on top of the skin. They rarely invade deeper into the body and cannot live on mucous membranes, such as those in the mouth or vagina.

Symptoms

The symptoms of ringworm include:

* Itchy, red, raised, scaly patches that may blister and ooze. The patches often have sharply-defined edges. They are often redder around the outside with normal skin tone in the center. This may create the appearance of a ring. Your skin may also appear unusually dark or light.
* When your scalp or beard is infected, you will have bald patches.

How is ringworm of the skin diagnosed?

Your doctor may easily recognize ringworm by its ring-shaped rash. To confirm that you have the ringworm fungus, your doctor will probably look at a skin scraping under a microscope.

Jock Itch Treatment

Antifungal creams are available for this infection and are, often combined with a mild antiseptic and a mild steroid to reduce itching. Keeping the infected area clean and well ventilated plays an important role in healing this infection. If a topical treatment fails or the infection is widespread, you should see your doctor, where he may prescribe you some medication, such as fluconazole.

How Is Ringworm Treated?

Fortunately, ringworm is fairly easy to diagnose and treat. Doctors usually can diagnose ringworm based on how it looks, but sometimes will scrape off a small sample of the flaky infected skin to test for fungus.

Ringworm is fairly easy to diagnose and treat. Most of the time, the doctor can diagnose it by looking at it or by scraping off a small sample of the flaky infected skin to test for the fungus. The doctor may recommend an antifungal ointment for ringworm of the skin or an oral medication for ringworm of the scalp and nails.

What can be done to prevent the spread of ringworm?

Towels, hats and clothing of the infected individual should not be shared with others. Young children who are infected should minimize close contact with other children until effectively treated. When multiple cases occur, seek advice from your local health department.

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Read out Plastic surgery. Also check out for family health

Source: http://www.articletrader.com ]]> Top 8 Most Common Childhood Food Allergies http://www.articletrader.com/health/top-8-most-common-childhood-food-allergies.html http://www.articletrader.com/health/top-8-most-common-childhood-food-allergies.html Fri, 22 Dec 2006 00:00:00 -0600
The biggest problem with food allergies is caused by the fact that our modern lifestyle brings us into contact with many products that may have the allergen in it or has been contaminated with the problem product.

Here's the top eight most common food allergies

1. Milk and dairy products.
Problem Source: a lot of restaurant food is prepared on a common grill. Butter and cream is often used in many products. Even products labeled as "nondairy" may contain a substance or compound derived from milk or dairy.

2. Eggs
Egg whites are also a source of problem for many. Eggs substitutes are known to use egg whites in an attempt to be heart healthy and limit cholesterol. If you have a sensitivity to eggs, most pasta including macaroni and spaghetti can cause a problem.

3. Peanuts
Consider the fact that although a person with a peanut allergy may simply order an ice cream cone at the local Dairy Queen, the cone itself, wrapper and most probably the counters may have all come in contact with peanut toppings.

4. Tree nuts (such as almonds, cashews, walnuts)
Here, the problem is more with cooking oils than anything else. Foods can be prepared in a variety of oils that are derived from nuts. Many foods use oils in the manufacturing of the product. Modern food manufacturing also can cause cross-contamination or contact as many foods are made using the same equipment. Tree Nut shells have also found their way into many common products as an abrasive.

5. Fish
While identifying are fishy friends from the ocean is relatively easy, don't forget that a lot of prepackaged sauces may also contain fish oils and products. Common steak and Worcestershire sauces may contain in anchovy dish

6. Shellfish - shrimp and lobster
Cross contact contamination in restaurants is a big issue here. Your nice big steak may have been sizzling right next to the other diners stack of shrimp
Watch also when going in for medical tests. This is especially true for any MRI type test that requires dye injections. Depending on the body part to be examined, a contrast medium or dye can be injected into your veins. These contrast mediums can be shellfish based!

7. Soy
Although considered a healthy product, for someone with a story and tolerance many foods. Cereals, soups, infant formulas, prepackaged sauces, and many baked goods can all use soy or soy products in their recipes.

8. Wheat and Gluten
From a food perspective, this is probably one of the most challenging to keep under control. Wheat-based products and gluten are used in many products. Think flour. We're talking about most baked goods, all breads, rolls, crackers, tortillas, fried foods breading and anything else where flour is an ingredient.

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Abigail Franks knows that Childhood allergies and asthma are a challenge. For more infomration on child asthma and allergies, visit Child Asthma and Asthma and Allergies On this site you can also download a free report on Asthma Triggers.

Source: http://www.articletrader.com ]]> Styles Of Hip Hop Beat Making http://www.articletrader.com/health/styles-of-hip-hop-beat-making.html http://www.articletrader.com/health/styles-of-hip-hop-beat-making.html Sat, 27 Jun 2009 10:45:34 -0500
While you compose a hip hop music you need to pay extra attention to the hip hop beat making. Only this can make you a successful hip hop artist. So go ahead with your great beats.

The beat is the actual hero of your music. The beat will not only drive your song but will also drive the audience to stand up and beat their feet along with your song. Those who are into hip hop beat making must know how important beats are for them.

So they should act accordingly. Beats can be of different kinds and different genres. It is on you to choose the appropriate genre of the beat.

The style of beat which you choose must match with the vocals as well as the lyrics of your song. Some of the genres are called dirty south beats, east coast beats, and west coast beats and so on.

You can choose the hip hop beat from the long list but make sure that beat fits your song. This is the most important thing in hip hop beat making.

Once you can use the hip hop beats successfully in your music project you might create a mark on the minds of the audience. Before choosing your style of beat you must listen to the different kinds of beats available.

You need to understand whether the hip hop beat making will complement your song and will be good enough. After you are sure about a particular beat add it to your project.

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Click here to check out the best beat maker software i have used. Learn how you can create thousands of music beats easily with sonic producer software.

Source: http://www.articletrader.com ]]> Cardiac Arrest, where Death is not always so sudden? http://www.articletrader.com/health/cardiac-arrest-where-death-is-not-always-so-sudden.html http://www.articletrader.com/health/cardiac-arrest-where-death-is-not-always-so-sudden.html Mon, 22 Jan 2007 00:00:00 -0600
The commonly held perception of these incidents is that like the name i.e. a sudden cardiac arrest, is that they come out of the blue. However a more detailed study by German Researchers would indicate that they are actually more like real lightening in that they are usually preceded by clouds, rain, wind and storms.

The problem with analysing the whole incidence of Sudden Cardiac Arrest is that since they are generally fatal, it is impossible to be able to ask the victims or sufferers how they were feeling prior to the attack starting?

Attempts to interview witnesses, relatives or bystanders can occasionally help but when by and large this carried out at least a few days or weeks later it means that results can be slightly suspect.

Researchers from the University of Berlin have tried to circumvent this delay by interviewing Doctors who have worked as part of the various emergency response teams within the city. The Doctors recorded where the arrest happened, whether cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) was started and any other salient information that they could remember. The results of these investigations actually painted a more complex picture of sudden cardiac arrest which is more troubling.

In results from two thirds of the incidences, someone heard or saw the victim collapse. By and large that someone also happened to be a family member since 75 percent of these incidences occurred at home.

The warning signs reported were surprisingly common amongst those witnessed. The majority of these were chest pain, dizziness, nausea, shortness of breath and vomiting. Some of these warning signs were experienced in some cases hours before the arrest.

Apparently in 90 percent of these cases the warning signs lasted for at least five minutes and the most telling fact of all was that in 25 percent of all cases the victims had what is called true “out of the blue” attacks that were not preceded by any symptoms.

The bottom line is that although Sudden Cardiac Arrest would appear to be the first sign of Heart Disease, in reality most victims would already have displayed certain symptoms of cardiovascular problems already. This was apparently born out by the results of this study.

Again, apparently, two thirds of the victims whose cases were studied in this exercise had already been diagnosed with Heart Disease, also had survived a previous Cardiac Arrest or had Angina or other signs of heart disease.

One sad finding within all of the findings in this study was the fact that of those who had sudden cardiac arrests at home only 11 percent had any form of resuscitation started at home compared to 26 percent of those who suffered attacks in public.

The obvious point to be made here was that you are more likely to find some professional trained in CPR whilst out in public than you are at home. Whilst this may be on the slightly obvious side of findings for a survey such as this, the overall findings relating to this survey i.e. the fact that whole concept of a Sudden Cardiac Arrest being not necessarily totally out of the blue makes an interesting point.

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Stephen Morgan is the principle Editor at

http://www.heartattacks.be/features/cardiac_arrest_where_death_is_not_quite_so_sudden.html
.and also has just launched the associate site
Living with High Blood Pressure.



Source: http://www.articletrader.com ]]> Get Wonderful Information on Cataract http://www.articletrader.com/health/get-wonderful-information-on-cataract.html http://www.articletrader.com/health/get-wonderful-information-on-cataract.html Sat, 01 Dec 2007 00:00:00 -0600
In the early stages, stronger lighting and eyeglasses can help you deal with the vision problems. But at some point, if impaired vision jeopardizes your normal lifestyle, you might need surgery. Fortunately, cataract removal is one of the safest, most effective and most common surgical procedures.

Causes of Cataract

Most people develop some lens clouding after age 60 years. About 50% of Americans aged 65-74 years have cataracts, as do about 70% of those 75 years or older. Most people develop the problem in both eyes, although clouding in one eye may be worse than in the other eye. Many people do not know they have cataracts. Congenital cataracts can also be caused by infections affecting the mother during pregnancy, such as rubella. They are also associated with metabolic disorders such as galactosemia. Risk factors include inherited metabolic diseases, a family history of cataracts, and maternal viral infection during pregnancy.

Symptoms of Cataract

# Cloudy, fuzzy, foggy, or filmy vision
# Loss of color intensity
# Frequent changes in eyeglass prescription
# The glare from bright lights causes vision problems at night, especially while driving
# Sensitivity to glare from lamps or the sun

Treatment of Cataract

For an early cataract, vision may improve by using different eyeglasses, magnifying lenses, or stronger lighting. If these measures don't help, surgery is the only effective treatment. This treatment involves removing the cloudy lens and replacing it with a substitute lens.

Cataract surgery is very successful in restoring vision. In fact, it is the most frequently performed surgery in the United States, with over 1.5 million cataract surgeries done each year. Nine out of 10 people who have cataract surgery regain very good vision, somewhere between 20/20 and 20/40.

It is the principal ingredient in Vizu-All Plus and has to play important role in the treatment of eye disorders.

Prevention

Although cataracts have no scientifically proven prevention, it is sometimes said that wearing ultraviolet-protecting sunglasses may slow the development of cataracts. Regular intake of antioxidants (such as vitamin C and E) is theoretically helpful, but this has not been proven.

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Read out for Medical information. Check out blood pressure

Source: http://www.articletrader.com ]]> Antibiotics Medicines and Antifungal Drugs - Third-Generation Cephalosporins http://www.articletrader.com/health/antibiotics-medicines-and-antifungal-drugs-third-generation-cephalosporins.html http://www.articletrader.com/health/antibiotics-medicines-and-antifungal-drugs-third-generation-cephalosporins.html Thu, 09 Oct 2008 00:00:00 -0500
Cefotaxine (Biotax, Clazforn, Omnatax), Ceftazidime (Fotum), Ceftizoxime (Cefizox), Cefoperazone (Magnamycin), Ceftriaxone (Cefaxone, Monocef), Cefixime (Cefspan, Topcef), Cefdinir (Adcef), Cefpodoxime (Cepodem) Ceftibuten (Procadax).

Due to their ability to penetrate the central nervous sxstem, third-generation cephalosporins - except cefoperazone and cefixime - can be used to treat meningitis, including meningitis caused by pneumococci, meningococci, H influenzae, and susceptible gram-negative rods (bacillary infections of alimentary system). Cefoperazone and ceftazidine are effective in pseudomonas infections of various body organs. In these infections an aminoglycoslde such as gentamicin is also given. Other potential indications include sepsis of unknown causes in the immunocompetent patient and susceptible infections in which cephalosporins are the least toxic drugs available. In neutropenic, febrile immunocompromised patients, third-generation cephalosporins can be effective if used in combination with an aminoglycoslde. They are commonly used in hospital settings in patients with serious systemic infections. Ceficime, cefdinir, cefpodoxime and ceftibuten are effective orally also.

Fourth-Generation Cephalosporins

Cefepime (Kefage) can be used in resistant infections due to gram negative rods and staphylococci causing septicemia. Cefpirome (Cepodem, Cefoprox) has same utility as cefepime. These are very expensive.

Adverse Effects of Cephalosporins: Allergy: Cephalosporins are sensitizing and may variety of hypersensitivity reactions, including anaphylaxis, fever, skin rashes, nephritis, granulocytopenia, and hemolytic anaemia. The chemical nucleus of cephalosporins is sufficiently different from that of penicillins, enabling some individuals with a history of penicillin allergy to tolerate cephalosporins. However, patients with a history of anaphylaxis to penicillins should never receive cephalosporins.

Toxicity: Local irri!ation can produse severe pain after intramuscular injection and thrombophlebitis after intravenous injection. Renal toxicity, including interstitial nephritis (kidney tissue swelling) and even tubular necrosis, has been demonstrated and has caused the abandonment of cephaloridine.

Cephalosporins that contain a methylthiotetrazole group (for example, ceftriaxone, cefoperazone) frequently cause hypoprothrombinemia and bleeding disorders. Adminstration of vitamin K, 10 mg twice weekly, can prevent this. White cells count and platelet count are reduced in rare cases.

Drugs with the 'methylthiotetrazole ring can also cause severe reaction with alcohol (intolerance), consequently, alcohol and alcohol-containing medications must be avoided.

Super-Infection

Many second and particularly third generation cephalosporins are ineffective against gram­positive organisms, especially stayphylococci and enterococci. During treatment with such drugs, these resistant organisms, as well as fungi, often proliferate and may induce super­ infection.

Linezolid (Lizolid, Linox)

It is effective in resistant pneumococci, staphylococci and enteric organisms induced infections. It may cause suppression of bone marrow and interacts with decongestant drugs whose dose should be reduced.

Fluoroquinolones

Ciprofloxacin (Cipad, Ciplox, Cipride), Norfloxacin (Anquin, Biofloxin, Norflox), Ofloxacin (Travid, Zanocid), Pefloxacin (Peflox, Piflasyn), Lomefloxacin (Lomef), Sparfloxacin (Torospar), Levofloxacin (Loxof), and Gatifloxacin (Gatri)

In 1990 fluoroquinolones were introduced to tackle ever increasing menace of resistance gram-negative rods. Since then many more drugs have been developed which have effects against both gram positive and negative bacteria, anaerobes and tuberculosis organisms. These drugs affect the DNA of bacteria. Unfortunately due to overuse, resistance is becoming the problem again.

Ciprofloxacin is presently a drug of choice for typhoid fever, (chloramphenicol is no longer used) gonorrhoea, abdominal (bowel) infections and diarrhoea, soft tissue and bone infections. It can be used 500 mg twice a day orally or intravenously in serious cases.

Adverse Effects: Some of the adverse effects of ciprofloxacin are loss of appetite, nausea and bowel upset, dizziness, restlessness, loss of sleep, poor concentration and tremulousness (avoid driving). Drug allergy may cause skin eruptions. A potentially serious problem is that it may cause cartilage damage as based on animal studies so should be used sparingly in children (although it is best to avoid it). Theophylline, caffeine, warfarm show toxicity when taken with ciprofloxacin and require staggering or reduction in dose. Pain relievers may cause more CNS adverse effects of ciprofloxacin. Antacids, milk and iron salts reduce absorption of ciprofloxacin, therefore, do not take with milk or after meals.

Norfloxacin is less potent to ciprojloxacin but is effective in the treatment of urinary tract infection and diarrhoea. Its usual dose is 400 mg twice a day in adult and it is not recommended for children.

Pefloxacin is a good drug for meningeal infections and typhoid fever. A single dose of 400 cures gonorrhoea.

Ofloxacin is effective in urethritis, cervicitis and atypical pneumonia. It is useful in tuberculosis also. Food does not reduce its absorption.

Sparfloxacin has greater activity to treat pneumonia, sinus infection, and ear infections, It is longer acting so it given in a dose of 200-400 mg once a day. It may cause disturbed heart beats particularly when other drugs are given along with it (drugs for depression and cisapride).

Gatefloxacin is like sparfloxacin in action and is increasingly used for the treatment of pneumonia, gonorrhoea, and urinary passage infections. Usual dose is 400 mg once a day. It has the same drawbacks as sparfloxacin.

Levofloxacin is completely absorbed orally and is less likely to interact with drugs (unlike ciprojloxacin and others). High cure rates are achieved in pneumonia, sinusitis, acute kidney infections and soft tissue infections. It is used in a dose of 500 mg once a day.

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